Ummm - yea - whatever that means!  I'm seriously not that sure what it is but I am sure hoping that Nate has it!

Last week we took Nate to his endo for his quarterly appointment.  At his new practice they do not do a finger stick HBA1C like they did at his previous practice.  They do a full blown blood draw and run 'the works' to make sure everything is on track.  Nate has not had his blood drawn since his diagnosis and even at that time we were never given any information on what tests were run or what the results were. 

Type 1 diabetics run the risk of several other endocrine issues so I was thrilled to get a full work up and anxious to get the results back.  Almost everything looks pretty good.  His A1C is down an entire point, no thyroid problems, his cholesterol is good.  A few issues --- his triglyceride results are high and his HDL is low which apparently is somewhat normal for T1 children. His alkaline phosphatase results came back extremely high and when I say HIGH --- I'm not even kidding.  They should be somewhere between 200 - 400 and his came back at 3,017.  What does this mean?  I honestly just don't know - I've been on Dr. Google all day and I can't wrap my head around all of the things that it could mean but for now Nate's dr. is running more tests which should give us more answers soon.

And . . . if all of the the test results come back normal then they think he may have a case of Benign Transient Hyperphosphatasemia.


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Here is the information that I was sent - It's a lot to digest so please feel free to bypass.  :)


Transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) of infancy and early childhood is characterized by a marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase in the absence of detectable liver or bone disease, and a return to normal levels within weeks or months. The condition is thought to be benign; thus, this disorder is also called benign transient hyperphosphatasemia. Recognition of this phenomenon permits avoidance of unnecessary procedures and concerns, provided that underlying liver and bone disease are appropriately excluded.


The clinical presentation and evaluation of an infant or young child with marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase will be reviewed here. Evaluation of an older child or adult with elevated alkaline phosphatase, or of any individual with elevations of multiple liver enzymes, is discussed separately. (See "Alkaline phosphatase and other enzymatic measures of cholestasis" and "Approach to the patient with abnormal liver function tests".)
Serum AP levels gradually return to normal within two to three months but have persisted as long as six months in a few cases [9,10]. The half-life of AP ranges from 5 to 25 days, depending upon coexisting morbidities [11]. In series reporting the results of long-term follow-up, no clinical sequelae were noted up to four years after the episode of TH [12,13].
The prevalence of TH is not known. In a series of 260 healthy infants, three (1.5 percent) had unexplained and transient elevations in serum AP, all more than three times the upper limit of normal for the assay [14]. Similar prevalence rates were seen in a separate study in which serum alkaline phosphatase levels >1000 U/L (2.5 times the upper limit of normal) were found in 2.8 percent of healthy children under two years of age. More moderate elevations of alkaline phosphatase, between 400 and 1000 U/L, were found in 5.1 percent of the subjects [15].
Most children with TH are healthy, although TH has occurred in association with a variety of clinical conditions, including gastroenteritis, respiratory infection, failure to thrive, and asthma. TH has also been reported with viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus [16-18], enteroviruses [19], and HIV [20]; following liver [21,22] or kidney transplant [21]; and in children receiving chemotherapy for leukemia and lymphoma [11,23]. Some of these apparent disease associations may reflect more frequent laboratory testing to monitor the underlying disease. Indeed, in the largest study that prospectively evaluated a healthy population of infants and toddlers, no association with growth parameters was found [15]. A seasonal distribution of cases has been noted in some series, with more cases identified in late summer and early fall [5,11].
The cause of the increased sialylation remains uncertain. By definition, TH is not caused by vitamin D deficiency. However, one hypothesis is that TH develops because there is increased production of AP during a period of catch-up growth after weight loss or vitamin D insufficiency, at a rate that overwhelms the mechanisms that normally desialylate the enzyme [11]. If so, children with TH might display subclinical vitamin D insufficiency at the time of diagnosis. However, this was not the case in one series of healthy infants and children, in which there was no difference in serum levels of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcium, or phosphorus among subjects with TH as compared to those with normal AP levels [15].
Risk factors for nutritional rickets should be assessed, including exclusive breast feeding or intake of less than one liter of vitamin D-fortified formula or milk daily, dark skin pigmentation, low exposure to sunlight, or prematurity. These infants and children are at risk for rickets unless given vitamin D supplements of at least 400 IU daily. (See "Overview of rickets in children".)
A normal result for each of these tests is adequate to establish a provisional diagnosis of TH in an otherwise healthy infant or young child. Of note, the serum GGT activity is six to seven times the upper limit of the adult reference range in normal full-term neonates; levels decline and reach adult levels by five to seven months of age [24].
Measurement of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by electrophoresis can be helpful if this test is available. The presence of excessive bone and liver fractions supports the diagnosis of TH and argues against primary hepatic or bone disease. (See "Alkaline phosphatase and other enzymatic measures of cholestasis".)
The possibility of rickets should be raised by low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with low serum calcium and/or phosphorus, elevated levels of PTH, a history of risk factors for vitamin D deficiency (exclusive breast feeding without vitamin D supplementation), or typical skeletal abnormalities. Any of these findings should prompt further evaluation for rickets, with radiographs of long bones. (See "Overview of rickets in children".)
Bone pain or other bone abnormalities should be evaluated radiographically for evidence of tumor, fracture, or juvenile Paget disease (a rare autosomal recessive disorder of bone turnover associated with bone deformities and susceptibility to fracture). Limb pain also can be caused by a variety of orthopedic, infectious, rheumatic, and neoplastic disorders, as discussed separately. (See "Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of Paget disease of bone" and "Clinical assessment of the child with suspected cancer", section on 'Bone and joint pain' and "Overview of the causes of limp in children".)
Follow-up to document return of serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels to normal is critical for confirmation of the diagnosis of TH [25]. In our practice, we repeat serum AP measurement in a child with the provisional diagnosis of TH within two weeks, and then monthly until a downward trend is noted and normal values are attained. Sustained serum AP elevation beyond three to four months should prompt reconsideration of other causes of hyperphosphatasemia, including the bone disorders mentioned in the preceding section.

• Transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) of infancy and early childhood is characterized by a marked elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the absence of detectable liver or bone disease. Almost all cases occur in infants and children younger than five years of age. (See 'Clinical presentation' above.)

• In TH, the serum AP is typically elevated four to five times the upper limit of the pediatric reference range, and gradually returns to normal within two to three months. (See 'Clinical presentation' above.)

• Serum AP activities are higher in children than in adults because of physiological osteoblastic activity. The upper limit of the pediatric reference range is up to three times higher than in adults, peaking in late infancy and again during puberty (graph 1). (See 'Normal ranges for serum AP' above.)

• TH is characterized by elevations in both bone and liver alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes. The pathogenesis has not been fully established, but is thought to include reduced clearance of AP due to increased sialic acid content, perhaps caused by or compounded by a transient surge in alkaline phosphatase production. (See 'Pathogenesis' above.)

• The evaluation should include a history and physical examination to assess for evidence of primary liver or bone disease. Laboratory testing should include measurement of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. In addition, measurement of either gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) or 5'-nucleotidase helps to exclude liver disease. (See 'Evaluation and management' above.)

• The possibility of rickets should be raised by low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium or phosphorus, elevated serum parathyroid hormone, a history of risk factors for vitamin D deficiency such as exclusive breast feeding without vitamin D supplementation, or typical skeletal abnormalities. Any of these findings should prompt further evaluation, including radiographs of long bones. (See 'Laboratory testing' above and "Overview of rickets in children".)

• Even if rickets is excluded, all children should be evaluated to ensure adequate intake of vitamin D and supplemented with at least 400 IU daily if needed. Steps should also be taken to ensure adequate intake of calcium. (See 'Monitoring' above.)

• If there is no evidence of liver or bone disease in an infant or young child, then the provisional diagnosis of TH can be made. Repeat measurement of serum AP should be performed at intervals until normal values are attained. (See 'Monitoring' above.)

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